Kingdom Monera

Characteristics:no membrane-covered nuclei and organellesmostly unicellularreproduce asexually by binary fissionproduce food through photosynthesis but use a wider variety of substances as raw materials than eukaryotestiny organismsa cell wall, usually surrounded by a layer of slime, encloses the cellBacteria-simplest microorganisms, single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that produced by fissionClassification according to shape:1.coccus-spherical2.bacillus-rodlike3.spirillus-spiralFunctions of Monerans:Sewage disposalProduction of cheese and vinegarUsed in tanning leather and curing meatproduction of anibiotics like neomycinBiological control of harmful insectsCharacteristics of Monerans:1.cell wall-peptidoglycan2.flagellum-for movement3.pili-for attachment4.mode of reproductionAsexual:Binary FissionSexual:Conjugation, Transduction and TransformationCyanobacteria-predominantly photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms containing blue pigment in addition to chlorophyll-occur singly or in colonies in diverse habitats that can form filaments that they split up in 2 or break into fragments for reproduction-examples:Anacbaena, oscillatoria, nostoc-can carry out photosynthesis and absorb food from surroundingsTwo Prokaryotic Kingdoms:ArchaebacteriaKingdom of prokaryotes more like eukaryotic cells than eubacteria.Major Groups of Archaebacteria:Methanogens(methane maker)live at swamps, sewage, stockyards, animal guts and other oxygen free habitatstheir anaerobic pathway ends in methanethey release 2 billion tons of methane from termite guts, ruminant guts, wetlands, rice paddies and landfillsthis tremendous quantities of this by-product influence carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere and the global carbon dioxide cycleExtreme halophiles(salt lovers)live in very salty water, as in brackish ponds and salt lakes, and near hydrotherml ventsthey spoil salted fish, animal hides, and commercial sea saltmost of them make ATP by aerobic pathwayssome also switch to a photosynthetic pathway when oxygen is lowExtreme thermophiles(heat lovers)live in highly acidic soils, hot springs, even coal mine wastessome start the food webs at hydrothermal vents, where water reaches 110 degrees Celsiusthey get electrons from hydrogen sulfidethey are cited as evidence that life originated deep in the oceansChemosynthesizersInstead of using the Sun's energy, chemosynthesizers absorb compounds that contain sulfur, iron and nitrogen, and get their energy through a process called oxidation. They use the energy to change carbon dioxide into organic food molecules, which support a whole community of other organisms. Chemosynthesizers can live in harsh environments where no other producer could survive, like the hot sulfur vents on the ocean floor.EubacteriaUnlike archaebacteria, they have fatty acids in their plasma membrane. In most cases their cell wall incorporates peptidoglycan.Modes of Nutrition:Photoautotrophscyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are common oxygen releasing, photosynthetic typesyou may see them at ponds and lakes where mucus-sheathed chains of cells form slimy mats in nutrient enriched waterAnabaena and other types can convert nitrogen to ammonia for biosynthesisif nitrogen compounds dwindle, modified cells call heterocysts synthesize a nirogen fixing enzyme. they produce and share nitrogen compounds with other cells in the chains and get carbohydrates in return.anaerobic photosynthesizers get electrons from hydrogen sulfide or hydrogen gas, not water. They may resemble anaerobic bacteria in which the cyclicathway of photosynthesis is involved.Chemoautotrophsthey have mighty roles in the cycling of nitrogen and other nutrients Chemoheterotrophsmany have roles as decomposers and as human helpersLactobacillus is used to help make pickles, buttermilk and yoghurtActinomycetes to make antibioticsE. coli in our gut produces Vitamin K and compounds that help us digest fat. It also helps newborns digest milk, and it prevents many food-borne pathogens from colonizing the human gutsugarcane and corn rely on the nirogen-fixing spirochete Azospirillum. They take up some nitrogen fixed by this symbiont and give some sugars to it.Gram Positive Bacteria-the bacteria's cell wall is mad eup of a protein-sugar complex that takes on a purple color during the Gram Staining .Gram Negative Bacteria-the gram negative bacteriahas an extra layer of lipid on the outside of lipid on the outside of the cell wall and appear pink during the Gram Staining