அதிகம் தெரிந்து கொள்ள கீழ உள்ளதை கிளிக்
செய்யவும்
http://biology-g10p.blogspot.com/2007/01/virus.html
Friday, October 3, 2008
Virus
VIRUS
Virus (biology) (Latin, “poison”), any of a number of organic entities consisting simply of genetic material surrounded by a protective coat. The term “virus” was first used in the 1890s to describe agents that caused diseases but were smaller than bacteria. By itself a virus is a lifeless form, but within living cells it can replicate many times and harm its host in the process. There are at least 3,600 types of virus, hundreds of which are known to cause a wide range of diseases in humans, other animals, insects, bacteria, and plants.
The existence of viruses was established in 1892, when Russian scientist Dmitry I. Ivanovsky discovered microscopic particles later known as the tobacco mosaic virus. The name virus was applied to these infectious particles in 1898 by the Dutch botanist Martinus W. Beijerinck. A few years later, viruses were found growing in bacteria; these viruses were dubbed bacteriophages. Then, in 1935, the American biochemist Wendell Meredith Stanley crystallized tobacco mosaic virus and showed that it is composed only of the genetic material called ribonucleic acid (RNA) and a protein covering. In the 1940s development of the electron microscope made visualization of viruses possible for the first time. This was followed by development of high-speed centrifuges used to concentrate and purify viruses. The study of animal viruses reached a major turning point in the 1950s with the development of methods to culture cells that could support virus replication in test tubes. Numerous viruses were subsequently discovered, and in the 1960s and 1970s most were analysed to determine their physical and chemical characteristics.
Characteristics
Viruses are submicroscopic intracellular parasites that consist of either RNA or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)—never both—plus a protective coat of protein or of protein combined with lipid or carbohydrate components. The nucleic acid is usually a single molecule, either singly or doubly stranded. Some viruses, however, may have nucleic acid that is segmented into two or more pieces. The protein shell is termed the capsid, and the protein subunits of the capsid are called capsomeres. Together these form the nucleocapsid. Other viruses have an additional envelope that is usually acquired as the nucleocapsid buds from the host cell. The complete virus particle is called the virion. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; that is, their replication can take place only in actively metabolizing cells. Outside living cells, viruses exist as inert macromolecules (very large molecules).
Viruses vary considerably in size and shape. Three basic structural groups exist: isometric; rod shaped or elongated; and tadpole-like, with head and tail (as in some bacteriophages). The smallest viruses are icosahedrons (20-sided polygons) that measure about 18 to 20 nanometres wide (one-millionth of a millimetre = 1 nanometre). The largest viruses are rod shaped. Some rod-shaped viruses may measure several microns in length, but they are still usually less than 100 nanometres in width. Thus, the widths of even the largest viruses are below the limits of resolution of the light microscope, which is used to study bacteria and other large micro-organisms.
Many of the viruses with helical internal structure have outer coverings (also known as envelopes) composed of lipoprotein or glycoprotein, or both. These viruses appear roughly spherical or in various other shapes, and they range from about 60 to more than 300 nanometres in diameter. Complex viruses, such as some bacteriophages, have heads and a tubular tail, which attaches to host bacteria. The pox viruses are brick shaped and have a complex protein composition. Complex and pox viruses are exceptions, however; most viruses have a simple shape.
Replication
Viruses do not contain the enzymes and metabolic precursors necessary for self-replication. They have to get these from the host cells that they infect. Viral replication, therefore, is a process of separate synthesis of viral components and assembly of these into new virus particles. Replication begins when a virus enters the cell. The virus coat is removed by cellular enzymes, and the virus RNA or DNA comes into contact with ribosomes (cell organs that synthesize proteins) inside the cell. There the virus RNA or DNA directs the synthesis of proteins specified by the viral nucleic acid. The nucleic acid replicates itself, and the protein subunits constituting the viral coat are synthesized. Thereafter, the two components are assembled into a new virus. One infecting virus can give rise to thousands of progeny viruses. Some viruses are released by destruction of the infected cell. Others are released by budding through cell membranes and do not kill the cell. In some instances, infections are “silent”—that is, viruses may replicate within the cell but cause no obvious cell damage.
Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles of a Bacteriophage. All bacteriophages (viruses that parasitize bacteria) have a lytic or infectious cycle, in which the virus, incapable of replicating itself, injects its genetic material into a bacterium. By pirating its host’s enzymes and protein-building capacities, the virus can reproduce and repackage, making about 100 new copies before it bursts from and destroys the bacterium. Some bacteriophages, however, behave differently when they infect a bacterium. The injected genetic material instead integrates itself into its host DNA, passively replicating with it to be inherited by bacterial daughter cells. In about 1 in 100,000 of these lysogenic cells, the viral DNA spontaneously activates and starts a new lytic cycle.
The RNA-containing viruses are unique among replicative systems in that the RNA can replicate itself independently of DNA. In some cases, the RNA can function as messenger RNA (see Genetics), indirectly replicating itself using the cell's ribosomal and metabolic precursor systems. In other cases, RNA viruses carry within the coat an RNA-dependent enzyme that directs the synthesis of virus RNA. Some RNA viruses, which have come to be known as retroviruses, may produce an enzyme that can synthesize DNA from the RNA molecule. The DNA thus formed then acts as the viral genetic material.Viral Replication Outside of a host cell, a virus is an inert particle. Once inside a cell, a virus can replicate many times, creating thousands of viruses that leave the cell to find host cells of their own. Viruses that cause disease do so by destroying or damaging cells as they leave them.
Bacterial viruses and animal viruses differ somewhat in their interaction with the cell surface during infection. The “T even” bacteriophage that infects the bacterium Escherichia coli, for instance, first attaches to the surface and injects its DNA directly into the bacterium. No absorption and uncoating take place. The basic events of virus replication, however, are the same after the nucleic acid enters the cell.
Viruses in Medicine
Viruses represent a major challenge to medical science in combating infectious diseases. Many cause diseases that are of major importance to humans and that are extraordinary in their diversity.
Included among viral diseases is the common cold, which affects millions of people every year. Recent research has even indicated that the AD-36 virus, which causes cold-like symptoms, affects food-energy absorption and more than doubles the normal layer of body fat in animals. About 30 per cent of obese people had contracted AD-36 compared with 5 per cent of lean people, and so this virus may contribute to obesity in a percentage of people. Other viral diseases are important because they are frequently fatal. These diseases include rabies, haemorrhagic fevers, encephalitis, poliomyelitis, and yellow fever. Most viruses, however, cause diseases that usually only create acute discomfort unless the patient develops serious complications from the virus or from a bacterial infection. Some of these diseases are influenza, measles, mumps, cold sores (also known as herpes simplex), chickenpox, shingles (also known as herpes zoster), respiratory diseases, acute diarrhoea, warts, and hepatitis. Still others, such as rubella (also known as German measles) virus and cytomegalovirus, may cause serious abnormalities or death in unborn infants. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by a retrovirus. Only two retroviruses are unequivocally linked with human cancers (see Leukaemia and HTLV), but some papilloma virus forms are suspected. Increasing evidence also indicates that other viruses may be involved in some types of cancer and in chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis and other degenerative diseases. Some of the viruses take a long time to cause disease; kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, both of which gradually destroy the brain, are slow virus diseases.
Viruses that cause important human disease are still being discovered. Most can be isolated and identified by laboratory methods, but these usually take several days to complete. One of the most recently discovered viruses is rotavirus, the causal agent of infant gastroenteritis.
Spread
To cause new cases of disease, viruses must be spread from person to person. Many viruses, such as those causing influenza and measles, are transmitted by the respiratory route when virus-containing droplets are put into the air by people coughing and sneezing. Other viruses, such as those that cause diarrhoea, are spread by the faecal-oral route. Still others, such as yellow fever and viruses called arboviruses, are spread by biting insects. Viral diseases are either endemic (present most of the time), causing disease in susceptible people, or epidemic—that is, they come in large waves and attack thousands of people. An example of an epidemic viral disease is the worldwide occurrence of influenza almost every year.
Treatment
Smallpox Vaccination This drawing shows a doctor administering the smallpox vaccine, first discovered in 1796 by British physician Edward Jenner. Jenner found that infecting a patient with cowpox, a minor disease, produced immunity to smallpox, which can cause disfigurement or death. His discoveries won him worldwide renown.
Currently, no completely satisfactory treatments exist for viral infections, because most drugs that destroy viruses also damage the cell. The drug amantadine is used extensively in some countries for treatment of respiratory infections caused by influenza-A viruses, and the drug AZT is used in the treatment of HIV.
One promising antiviral agent, interferon, is produced by the cell itself. This non-toxic protein, which is produced by some animal cells infected with viruses, can protect other cells against such infection. The use of interferon for treating cancer is under intensive study. Until recently, study of the use of interferon has been restricted by its limited availability in pure form. However, new techniques of molecular cloning of genetic material (see Genetic Engineering) now make it possible for scientists to obtain the protein in larger quantities. Its relative value as an antiviral agent has already been established.The only effective way to prevent viral infection is by the use of vaccines. For example, vaccination for smallpox on a worldwide scale in the 1970s eradicated this disease. Many antiviral vaccines have been developed for humans and other animals. Those for humans include vaccines for rubeola (also known as measles), rubella, poliomyelitis, and influenza. Immunization with a virus vaccine stimulates the body's immune mechanism to produce a protein—called an antibody—that will protect against infection with the immunizing virus. The viruses are always altered before they are used for immunization so that they cannot themselves produce disease.
Plant Diseases
Viruses cause a wide variety of diseases in plants and frequently cause serious damage to crops. Common plant-disease viruses are turnip yellow mosaic virus, potato leaf roll virus, and tobacco mosaic virus. Plants have rigid cell walls that plant viruses cannot penetrate, so the most important means of plant-virus spread is provided by animals that feed on plants. Often, healthy plants are infected by insects that carry on their mouthparts viruses acquired while feeding on other infected plants. Nematodes (also known as roundworms) may also transmit viruses while feeding on the roots of healthy plants.
Plant viruses can accumulate in enormous quantities within infected cells. For instance, tobacco mosaic virus may represent as much as 10 per cent of the dry weight of infected plants. Studies on the interaction of plant viruses with plant cells are limited, because plants often cannot be infected directly, but only by means such as an insect vector. Cell cultures in test tubes, which can be infected with plant viruses, are not generally available.
Role in Research
The study of viruses and their interaction with host cells has been a major motivation for the host of fundamental biological studies at a molecular level. For example, the existence of messenger RNA, which carries the genetic code from DNA to define what proteins are made by a cell, was discovered during studies of bacteriophages replicating in bacteria. Studies of bacteriophages have also been instrumental in delineating the biochemical factors that start and stop the utilization of genetic information. Knowledge of how virus replication is controlled is fundamental to understanding biochemical events in higher organisms.
The reason that viruses are so useful as model systems for studying events that control genetic information is that viruses are, in essence, small pieces of genetic information that is different from the genetic information of the cell. This allows scientists to study a smaller and simpler replicating system, but one that works on the same principle as that of the host cell. Much of the research on viruses is aimed at understanding their replicative mechanism in order to find ways to control their growth, so that viral diseases can be eliminated. Studies on viral diseases have also contributed greatly to understanding the body's immune response to infectious agents. Antibodies in blood serum, as well as secretions of the mucous membranes, all of which help the body eliminate foreign elements such as viruses, have been more thoroughly characterized by studying their responses to viral infection. Intense scientific interest is now concentrated on studies designed to isolate certain viral genes. These genes can be used in molecular-cloning systems to produce large amounts of particular virus proteins, which can in turn be used as vaccines.
Virus (biology) (Latin, “poison”), any of a number of organic entities consisting simply of genetic material surrounded by a protective coat. The term “virus” was first used in the 1890s to describe agents that caused diseases but were smaller than bacteria. By itself a virus is a lifeless form, but within living cells it can replicate many times and harm its host in the process. There are at least 3,600 types of virus, hundreds of which are known to cause a wide range of diseases in humans, other animals, insects, bacteria, and plants.
The existence of viruses was established in 1892, when Russian scientist Dmitry I. Ivanovsky discovered microscopic particles later known as the tobacco mosaic virus. The name virus was applied to these infectious particles in 1898 by the Dutch botanist Martinus W. Beijerinck. A few years later, viruses were found growing in bacteria; these viruses were dubbed bacteriophages. Then, in 1935, the American biochemist Wendell Meredith Stanley crystallized tobacco mosaic virus and showed that it is composed only of the genetic material called ribonucleic acid (RNA) and a protein covering. In the 1940s development of the electron microscope made visualization of viruses possible for the first time. This was followed by development of high-speed centrifuges used to concentrate and purify viruses. The study of animal viruses reached a major turning point in the 1950s with the development of methods to culture cells that could support virus replication in test tubes. Numerous viruses were subsequently discovered, and in the 1960s and 1970s most were analysed to determine their physical and chemical characteristics.
Characteristics
Viruses are submicroscopic intracellular parasites that consist of either RNA or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)—never both—plus a protective coat of protein or of protein combined with lipid or carbohydrate components. The nucleic acid is usually a single molecule, either singly or doubly stranded. Some viruses, however, may have nucleic acid that is segmented into two or more pieces. The protein shell is termed the capsid, and the protein subunits of the capsid are called capsomeres. Together these form the nucleocapsid. Other viruses have an additional envelope that is usually acquired as the nucleocapsid buds from the host cell. The complete virus particle is called the virion. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; that is, their replication can take place only in actively metabolizing cells. Outside living cells, viruses exist as inert macromolecules (very large molecules).
Viruses vary considerably in size and shape. Three basic structural groups exist: isometric; rod shaped or elongated; and tadpole-like, with head and tail (as in some bacteriophages). The smallest viruses are icosahedrons (20-sided polygons) that measure about 18 to 20 nanometres wide (one-millionth of a millimetre = 1 nanometre). The largest viruses are rod shaped. Some rod-shaped viruses may measure several microns in length, but they are still usually less than 100 nanometres in width. Thus, the widths of even the largest viruses are below the limits of resolution of the light microscope, which is used to study bacteria and other large micro-organisms.
Many of the viruses with helical internal structure have outer coverings (also known as envelopes) composed of lipoprotein or glycoprotein, or both. These viruses appear roughly spherical or in various other shapes, and they range from about 60 to more than 300 nanometres in diameter. Complex viruses, such as some bacteriophages, have heads and a tubular tail, which attaches to host bacteria. The pox viruses are brick shaped and have a complex protein composition. Complex and pox viruses are exceptions, however; most viruses have a simple shape.
Replication
Viruses do not contain the enzymes and metabolic precursors necessary for self-replication. They have to get these from the host cells that they infect. Viral replication, therefore, is a process of separate synthesis of viral components and assembly of these into new virus particles. Replication begins when a virus enters the cell. The virus coat is removed by cellular enzymes, and the virus RNA or DNA comes into contact with ribosomes (cell organs that synthesize proteins) inside the cell. There the virus RNA or DNA directs the synthesis of proteins specified by the viral nucleic acid. The nucleic acid replicates itself, and the protein subunits constituting the viral coat are synthesized. Thereafter, the two components are assembled into a new virus. One infecting virus can give rise to thousands of progeny viruses. Some viruses are released by destruction of the infected cell. Others are released by budding through cell membranes and do not kill the cell. In some instances, infections are “silent”—that is, viruses may replicate within the cell but cause no obvious cell damage.
Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles of a Bacteriophage. All bacteriophages (viruses that parasitize bacteria) have a lytic or infectious cycle, in which the virus, incapable of replicating itself, injects its genetic material into a bacterium. By pirating its host’s enzymes and protein-building capacities, the virus can reproduce and repackage, making about 100 new copies before it bursts from and destroys the bacterium. Some bacteriophages, however, behave differently when they infect a bacterium. The injected genetic material instead integrates itself into its host DNA, passively replicating with it to be inherited by bacterial daughter cells. In about 1 in 100,000 of these lysogenic cells, the viral DNA spontaneously activates and starts a new lytic cycle.
The RNA-containing viruses are unique among replicative systems in that the RNA can replicate itself independently of DNA. In some cases, the RNA can function as messenger RNA (see Genetics), indirectly replicating itself using the cell's ribosomal and metabolic precursor systems. In other cases, RNA viruses carry within the coat an RNA-dependent enzyme that directs the synthesis of virus RNA. Some RNA viruses, which have come to be known as retroviruses, may produce an enzyme that can synthesize DNA from the RNA molecule. The DNA thus formed then acts as the viral genetic material.Viral Replication Outside of a host cell, a virus is an inert particle. Once inside a cell, a virus can replicate many times, creating thousands of viruses that leave the cell to find host cells of their own. Viruses that cause disease do so by destroying or damaging cells as they leave them.
Bacterial viruses and animal viruses differ somewhat in their interaction with the cell surface during infection. The “T even” bacteriophage that infects the bacterium Escherichia coli, for instance, first attaches to the surface and injects its DNA directly into the bacterium. No absorption and uncoating take place. The basic events of virus replication, however, are the same after the nucleic acid enters the cell.
Viruses in Medicine
Viruses represent a major challenge to medical science in combating infectious diseases. Many cause diseases that are of major importance to humans and that are extraordinary in their diversity.
Included among viral diseases is the common cold, which affects millions of people every year. Recent research has even indicated that the AD-36 virus, which causes cold-like symptoms, affects food-energy absorption and more than doubles the normal layer of body fat in animals. About 30 per cent of obese people had contracted AD-36 compared with 5 per cent of lean people, and so this virus may contribute to obesity in a percentage of people. Other viral diseases are important because they are frequently fatal. These diseases include rabies, haemorrhagic fevers, encephalitis, poliomyelitis, and yellow fever. Most viruses, however, cause diseases that usually only create acute discomfort unless the patient develops serious complications from the virus or from a bacterial infection. Some of these diseases are influenza, measles, mumps, cold sores (also known as herpes simplex), chickenpox, shingles (also known as herpes zoster), respiratory diseases, acute diarrhoea, warts, and hepatitis. Still others, such as rubella (also known as German measles) virus and cytomegalovirus, may cause serious abnormalities or death in unborn infants. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by a retrovirus. Only two retroviruses are unequivocally linked with human cancers (see Leukaemia and HTLV), but some papilloma virus forms are suspected. Increasing evidence also indicates that other viruses may be involved in some types of cancer and in chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis and other degenerative diseases. Some of the viruses take a long time to cause disease; kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, both of which gradually destroy the brain, are slow virus diseases.
Viruses that cause important human disease are still being discovered. Most can be isolated and identified by laboratory methods, but these usually take several days to complete. One of the most recently discovered viruses is rotavirus, the causal agent of infant gastroenteritis.
Spread
To cause new cases of disease, viruses must be spread from person to person. Many viruses, such as those causing influenza and measles, are transmitted by the respiratory route when virus-containing droplets are put into the air by people coughing and sneezing. Other viruses, such as those that cause diarrhoea, are spread by the faecal-oral route. Still others, such as yellow fever and viruses called arboviruses, are spread by biting insects. Viral diseases are either endemic (present most of the time), causing disease in susceptible people, or epidemic—that is, they come in large waves and attack thousands of people. An example of an epidemic viral disease is the worldwide occurrence of influenza almost every year.
Treatment
Smallpox Vaccination This drawing shows a doctor administering the smallpox vaccine, first discovered in 1796 by British physician Edward Jenner. Jenner found that infecting a patient with cowpox, a minor disease, produced immunity to smallpox, which can cause disfigurement or death. His discoveries won him worldwide renown.
Currently, no completely satisfactory treatments exist for viral infections, because most drugs that destroy viruses also damage the cell. The drug amantadine is used extensively in some countries for treatment of respiratory infections caused by influenza-A viruses, and the drug AZT is used in the treatment of HIV.
One promising antiviral agent, interferon, is produced by the cell itself. This non-toxic protein, which is produced by some animal cells infected with viruses, can protect other cells against such infection. The use of interferon for treating cancer is under intensive study. Until recently, study of the use of interferon has been restricted by its limited availability in pure form. However, new techniques of molecular cloning of genetic material (see Genetic Engineering) now make it possible for scientists to obtain the protein in larger quantities. Its relative value as an antiviral agent has already been established.The only effective way to prevent viral infection is by the use of vaccines. For example, vaccination for smallpox on a worldwide scale in the 1970s eradicated this disease. Many antiviral vaccines have been developed for humans and other animals. Those for humans include vaccines for rubeola (also known as measles), rubella, poliomyelitis, and influenza. Immunization with a virus vaccine stimulates the body's immune mechanism to produce a protein—called an antibody—that will protect against infection with the immunizing virus. The viruses are always altered before they are used for immunization so that they cannot themselves produce disease.
Plant Diseases
Viruses cause a wide variety of diseases in plants and frequently cause serious damage to crops. Common plant-disease viruses are turnip yellow mosaic virus, potato leaf roll virus, and tobacco mosaic virus. Plants have rigid cell walls that plant viruses cannot penetrate, so the most important means of plant-virus spread is provided by animals that feed on plants. Often, healthy plants are infected by insects that carry on their mouthparts viruses acquired while feeding on other infected plants. Nematodes (also known as roundworms) may also transmit viruses while feeding on the roots of healthy plants.
Plant viruses can accumulate in enormous quantities within infected cells. For instance, tobacco mosaic virus may represent as much as 10 per cent of the dry weight of infected plants. Studies on the interaction of plant viruses with plant cells are limited, because plants often cannot be infected directly, but only by means such as an insect vector. Cell cultures in test tubes, which can be infected with plant viruses, are not generally available.
Role in Research
The study of viruses and their interaction with host cells has been a major motivation for the host of fundamental biological studies at a molecular level. For example, the existence of messenger RNA, which carries the genetic code from DNA to define what proteins are made by a cell, was discovered during studies of bacteriophages replicating in bacteria. Studies of bacteriophages have also been instrumental in delineating the biochemical factors that start and stop the utilization of genetic information. Knowledge of how virus replication is controlled is fundamental to understanding biochemical events in higher organisms.
The reason that viruses are so useful as model systems for studying events that control genetic information is that viruses are, in essence, small pieces of genetic information that is different from the genetic information of the cell. This allows scientists to study a smaller and simpler replicating system, but one that works on the same principle as that of the host cell. Much of the research on viruses is aimed at understanding their replicative mechanism in order to find ways to control their growth, so that viral diseases can be eliminated. Studies on viral diseases have also contributed greatly to understanding the body's immune response to infectious agents. Antibodies in blood serum, as well as secretions of the mucous membranes, all of which help the body eliminate foreign elements such as viruses, have been more thoroughly characterized by studying their responses to viral infection. Intense scientific interest is now concentrated on studies designed to isolate certain viral genes. These genes can be used in molecular-cloning systems to produce large amounts of particular virus proteins, which can in turn be used as vaccines.
Wednesday, July 23, 2008
कदल
Who cares whether this is a poem or rhyme, I will love you until the end of time
I have "I", I have "L",I have "O",I have "V",I have "E", so pls can I have "U"
Love does nt consist in gazing @ each othr bt in lukng 2gthr in d same direction
Love doesn't make the world go round. Love is what makes the ride worthwhile
Words however special..cud nvr even start, to tell you all the love I have 4 U!!
I would love you only little when I would be able to say how much I love you!...
I Love You as who you are, not what I want you to be!!
One word frees us of all the weight and pain of life: that word is love
My love that shall not die, till the sun grows cold, and the stars grow old!!
Love grows by giving. The love we give away is the only love we keep!!
Let not the hours pass by in the dark. Kindle the lamp of love with my life
My love for you is a journey, starting at forever and ending at never!
Hatred infects the mind; love dissolves it. You dissolve my mind.
If your heart was a prison, I would like to be sentenced for life
A butterfly needs its wings ... an icebear needs cold weather and I ... I need U
As long as I always hold you in my heart, I will never lose you!!
I will love you until my heart stops beating!!
Kiss me and you will see stars ....Love me and I will give them to you.
i love the 'y' i love the 'u' i love the 'o' put them together and i love 'you'
I cannot resist the tears of a woman, that is why I would do anything for you!!!
That I love you is no wonder.But d fact that u care abt me,that is very special!
Ppl say u nly fal in luv once,bt wn I hear ur voice I fal in luv all over again!
What is love? It is what makes your cell phone ring every time I send text msg!!
My love for you is a canvas furnished by nature and embroidered by imagination
Stars r like frnds; theres always some around, u just need to find ur favorite 1
True love doesn’t have a happy ending, because true love never ends.
Dnt evr worry abt wht u r to me, because u l nvr b nethng less thn my world 2 me
Love is but discovery of ourselves in others, and the delight in recognition
Love makes life so confusing but without love would you want to live?
When God gave you to me, he planted the image of you deep in my heart
Yesterday I did love you, tomorrow I will only think of you. You know what ILU
Love one another and you will be happy. It's as simple and as difficult as that.
SEA CAN BE DRY. MOUNTAINS CAN FLY. U CAN FORGET ME . BUT NEVER CAN I
I cannot resist the tears of a woman, that is why I would do anything for you!!
To get the full value of joy you must have someone to divide it with
I luv 2 things, a rose & u. A rose for a short while, but u the rest of my life
You are so beautiful that you give the sun a reason to shine.
Tears in my eyes ....Tears for you ..ears that realise how much I love U
Heaven is the place where I would be, the day you would stop loving me!
Rains fall, winds blow, d sun shines..it all comes naturally,just like loving U
I'm on a mission to get over you, in other words mission impossible
Words alone will never be able to express the depth of my love for you.
f love were to be taxed, I would be the highest tax payer.
Love is like a mountain, hard 2 climb, bt once u get 2 d top d view is beautiful
There r a million stars & a million dreams, u r d only star 4 me n my nly dream!
A lady is a woman who makes a man behave like a gentleman.You r such a lady 2 me
Curved high on a mountain covered in dew... I saw these 3 words... I LOVE YOU!
Love is an act of endless forgiveness A tender look which becomes a habit.
Whrevr I go,whtver I do,I carry a little part of u wth me right in my heart!
Without love I cannot live, You are love so I cannot live without you!!!
You always smile, you never say no, you never hurt me, my dear sweet teddybear
Loving and being loved is feeling the sun shine at both sides
Love under d stars..they seem very far,but u are so close the star I love d most
When love is ur greatest weakness, u will be the strongest person in the world
U-ME=NOTHING U ME=EVERYTHING I LOVE U
Love is to think about someone else more times in a day than you think about you
The only love worthy of a name is unconditional.
Arithmetic of love :– 1 + 1 = everything, and 2 – 1 = nothing
Love is all we have, the only way that each can help the other!!
Trying to 4get some1 u loved is like trying to remember someone you never knew!
I love you even more than when I started this sentence.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T V W X Y Z oops! i miss "U
Just before we die, nothing else matters in this world, except love!
In order to fall in love with some one you must first be their friend!!
You look great today. How did I know? Because you look great everyday!!
The rose speaks of love silently in a language known only to the heart!!
My love for you will never fade unless it was all a lie
Heaven is the place where I would be, the day you would stop loving me!
if nothing lasts forever....... can I b ur Nothing ... !!! :->
I wud rather have one momement of wonderful,thn a life time of nothing spcl @ al
There are 3 steps to happy happiness: 1 you. 2 me. 3 our hearts 4 eternity!
Love is like a butterfly. It goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes
LoVe iS LiKe QuiCkSanD - ThE DeEpEr yOu FaLL iN iT ThE HaRdeR iT iS tO GeT OuT.
Every part of me wants you, maybe because I was made just for you!
The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched.
To the whole world you are somebody....but to somebody you are the whole world
If you find true love and keep it 4ever, consider yourself one of the lucky ones
I wanted to send you all my love but the postman said it was too big !!!
When I dream, I dream of you...maybe one day, dreams will come true.Love U
If in d dark..v lose sight of love..hold my hand & ve no fear.we l b 2gthr 4ever
True love is when you're still dancing, long after the music has stopped...!!
My love for you is a journey, starting at forever and ending at never
I have "I", I have "L",I have "O",I have "V",I have "E", so pls can I have "U"
Love does nt consist in gazing @ each othr bt in lukng 2gthr in d same direction
Love doesn't make the world go round. Love is what makes the ride worthwhile
Words however special..cud nvr even start, to tell you all the love I have 4 U!!
I would love you only little when I would be able to say how much I love you!...
I Love You as who you are, not what I want you to be!!
One word frees us of all the weight and pain of life: that word is love
My love that shall not die, till the sun grows cold, and the stars grow old!!
Love grows by giving. The love we give away is the only love we keep!!
Let not the hours pass by in the dark. Kindle the lamp of love with my life
My love for you is a journey, starting at forever and ending at never!
Hatred infects the mind; love dissolves it. You dissolve my mind.
If your heart was a prison, I would like to be sentenced for life
A butterfly needs its wings ... an icebear needs cold weather and I ... I need U
As long as I always hold you in my heart, I will never lose you!!
I will love you until my heart stops beating!!
Kiss me and you will see stars ....Love me and I will give them to you.
i love the 'y' i love the 'u' i love the 'o' put them together and i love 'you'
I cannot resist the tears of a woman, that is why I would do anything for you!!!
That I love you is no wonder.But d fact that u care abt me,that is very special!
Ppl say u nly fal in luv once,bt wn I hear ur voice I fal in luv all over again!
What is love? It is what makes your cell phone ring every time I send text msg!!
My love for you is a canvas furnished by nature and embroidered by imagination
Stars r like frnds; theres always some around, u just need to find ur favorite 1
True love doesn’t have a happy ending, because true love never ends.
Dnt evr worry abt wht u r to me, because u l nvr b nethng less thn my world 2 me
Love is but discovery of ourselves in others, and the delight in recognition
Love makes life so confusing but without love would you want to live?
When God gave you to me, he planted the image of you deep in my heart
Yesterday I did love you, tomorrow I will only think of you. You know what ILU
Love one another and you will be happy. It's as simple and as difficult as that.
SEA CAN BE DRY. MOUNTAINS CAN FLY. U CAN FORGET ME . BUT NEVER CAN I
I cannot resist the tears of a woman, that is why I would do anything for you!!
To get the full value of joy you must have someone to divide it with
I luv 2 things, a rose & u. A rose for a short while, but u the rest of my life
You are so beautiful that you give the sun a reason to shine.
Tears in my eyes ....Tears for you ..ears that realise how much I love U
Heaven is the place where I would be, the day you would stop loving me!
Rains fall, winds blow, d sun shines..it all comes naturally,just like loving U
I'm on a mission to get over you, in other words mission impossible
Words alone will never be able to express the depth of my love for you.
f love were to be taxed, I would be the highest tax payer.
Love is like a mountain, hard 2 climb, bt once u get 2 d top d view is beautiful
There r a million stars & a million dreams, u r d only star 4 me n my nly dream!
A lady is a woman who makes a man behave like a gentleman.You r such a lady 2 me
Curved high on a mountain covered in dew... I saw these 3 words... I LOVE YOU!
Love is an act of endless forgiveness A tender look which becomes a habit.
Whrevr I go,whtver I do,I carry a little part of u wth me right in my heart!
Without love I cannot live, You are love so I cannot live without you!!!
You always smile, you never say no, you never hurt me, my dear sweet teddybear
Loving and being loved is feeling the sun shine at both sides
Love under d stars..they seem very far,but u are so close the star I love d most
When love is ur greatest weakness, u will be the strongest person in the world
U-ME=NOTHING U ME=EVERYTHING I LOVE U
Love is to think about someone else more times in a day than you think about you
The only love worthy of a name is unconditional.
Arithmetic of love :– 1 + 1 = everything, and 2 – 1 = nothing
Love is all we have, the only way that each can help the other!!
Trying to 4get some1 u loved is like trying to remember someone you never knew!
I love you even more than when I started this sentence.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T V W X Y Z oops! i miss "U
Just before we die, nothing else matters in this world, except love!
In order to fall in love with some one you must first be their friend!!
You look great today. How did I know? Because you look great everyday!!
The rose speaks of love silently in a language known only to the heart!!
My love for you will never fade unless it was all a lie
Heaven is the place where I would be, the day you would stop loving me!
if nothing lasts forever....... can I b ur Nothing ... !!! :->
I wud rather have one momement of wonderful,thn a life time of nothing spcl @ al
There are 3 steps to happy happiness: 1 you. 2 me. 3 our hearts 4 eternity!
Love is like a butterfly. It goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes
LoVe iS LiKe QuiCkSanD - ThE DeEpEr yOu FaLL iN iT ThE HaRdeR iT iS tO GeT OuT.
Every part of me wants you, maybe because I was made just for you!
The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched.
To the whole world you are somebody....but to somebody you are the whole world
If you find true love and keep it 4ever, consider yourself one of the lucky ones
I wanted to send you all my love but the postman said it was too big !!!
When I dream, I dream of you...maybe one day, dreams will come true.Love U
If in d dark..v lose sight of love..hold my hand & ve no fear.we l b 2gthr 4ever
True love is when you're still dancing, long after the music has stopped...!!
My love for you is a journey, starting at forever and ending at never
लव पीयर
24 hr a day...60 min an hour...60 sec a min, but only one like u in a lifetime
When you left, my world turned upside down 8 letters, 3 words, 1 meaning... i love you. Love Is When You Dont Want To Go To Sleep,Because Reality Is Better Than A Dream Love is an act of endless forgiveness, a tender look which becomes a habit! What is luv? Don’t ask 1 who loves some1 but ask 1 who have lost some1. As long as the stars are still in the sky, so will my love for you remain. Luv is a wild bird tht no1 cn tame Its useles 2 chase it If it won't play d game Its realy gr8 tat der r sm words whch can xpres a lt in jst a few memorable wrds Do you believe in love at first sight .. or do I have to walk by again?? Without love I cannot live, You are love so I cannot live without you!!! pyar k liye dil, dil k liye app, app k liye hum, humaray liye app!! My love for you is a journey, starting at forever and ending at never.. rose are red and voilets are blue. I say I love u...wont u say u love me to? I love u not because of who u r, but because of who I am when I am with u Love is a language spoken by everyone, but understood only by a heart Who cares whether this is a poem or rhyme, I will love you until the end of time Love... I want to hold you close to me and feel our hearts beat as one forever Its better to be in love and lost than to never have fallen in one..... If I had a rose for everytime I thot abt you Id be walking in a garden forever I love all stars in sky, but they are nothing compared to the ones in your eyes! I may soon forget my name, but our love, never.!! thats the power of our love!! ---@ A rose for you Because I love you Luv is hard & will always be, but remember somebody loves u and that 1 is ME! I’ll drop a tear in Ocean. The day I find that tear is the day I Stop Loving You We waste time looking for perfect lover, instead of creating perfect love. L is for lust O is for over V is for very loveable E is for ever 4 signs of love Love makes life so confusing but without love would you want to live? I like to be a tear, born in ur eyes, alive passing ur cheeks, dieing on ur lips LOVE L=Lake of Sorrows O=Ocean of Tears V=Valley of Death E=End of life 2 luv is 1 thing, 2 be luvd is anther thing...2 b luvd by 1 u love is everything Don't love 1, don't love 2, but love the 1 who loves you.!! My love that shall not die, till the sun grows cold, and the stars grow old. ILU Love is 2 think abt someone else more times in a day than you think abt urself! True love is like ghosts every 1 talks about but just few have seen Like U & Me Thoughts of love are too deep to be expressed and are too strong to be suppresse You are always in my heart, here and everywhere. For me u r the whole world! Tears in my eyes .......Tears for you ...... Tears that realise how much I luv U I love al d stars in d sky,but dey are nothing compared to the ones in your eyes That I love you is no wonder.But d fact that u care about me, that is very spcl All beautiful moments do not last long, except in our memory. Love is a constant battle btwn the heart and the mind;True Luv is wn they agree! Rivers can dry, mountains can fly. U can forget me, but never can I There is only one happiness in life: to love and be loved.! True love is ur soul reaching out and grabbing the person you're meant to be wth If you were a tear I would never dare to cry. I might lose you! There are 3 steps to happy happiness: 1 you. 2 me. 3 our hearts 4 eternity! (\_/) (=.=) (")(") a sweet little rabbit, just like u, because I love u!! Time will always fly, but our love will never die. Keep in touch and remeber me I love 2 thngs,a rose & you.A rose 4 a short while, but you the rest of my life To the whole world you are somebody... but to somebody you are the whole world Trying to forget someone u loved is like trying to remember some1 u never knew!
बी
अ रन कम आर
फॉर
उ
When you left, my world turned upside down 8 letters, 3 words, 1 meaning... i love you. Love Is When You Dont Want To Go To Sleep,Because Reality Is Better Than A Dream Love is an act of endless forgiveness, a tender look which becomes a habit! What is luv? Don’t ask 1 who loves some1 but ask 1 who have lost some1. As long as the stars are still in the sky, so will my love for you remain. Luv is a wild bird tht no1 cn tame Its useles 2 chase it If it won't play d game Its realy gr8 tat der r sm words whch can xpres a lt in jst a few memorable wrds Do you believe in love at first sight .. or do I have to walk by again?? Without love I cannot live, You are love so I cannot live without you!!! pyar k liye dil, dil k liye app, app k liye hum, humaray liye app!! My love for you is a journey, starting at forever and ending at never.. rose are red and voilets are blue. I say I love u...wont u say u love me to? I love u not because of who u r, but because of who I am when I am with u Love is a language spoken by everyone, but understood only by a heart Who cares whether this is a poem or rhyme, I will love you until the end of time Love... I want to hold you close to me and feel our hearts beat as one forever Its better to be in love and lost than to never have fallen in one..... If I had a rose for everytime I thot abt you Id be walking in a garden forever I love all stars in sky, but they are nothing compared to the ones in your eyes! I may soon forget my name, but our love, never.!! thats the power of our love!! ---@ A rose for you Because I love you Luv is hard & will always be, but remember somebody loves u and that 1 is ME! I’ll drop a tear in Ocean. The day I find that tear is the day I Stop Loving You We waste time looking for perfect lover, instead of creating perfect love. L is for lust O is for over V is for very loveable E is for ever 4 signs of love Love makes life so confusing but without love would you want to live? I like to be a tear, born in ur eyes, alive passing ur cheeks, dieing on ur lips LOVE L=Lake of Sorrows O=Ocean of Tears V=Valley of Death E=End of life 2 luv is 1 thing, 2 be luvd is anther thing...2 b luvd by 1 u love is everything Don't love 1, don't love 2, but love the 1 who loves you.!! My love that shall not die, till the sun grows cold, and the stars grow old. ILU Love is 2 think abt someone else more times in a day than you think abt urself! True love is like ghosts every 1 talks about but just few have seen Like U & Me Thoughts of love are too deep to be expressed and are too strong to be suppresse You are always in my heart, here and everywhere. For me u r the whole world! Tears in my eyes .......Tears for you ...... Tears that realise how much I luv U I love al d stars in d sky,but dey are nothing compared to the ones in your eyes That I love you is no wonder.But d fact that u care about me, that is very spcl All beautiful moments do not last long, except in our memory. Love is a constant battle btwn the heart and the mind;True Luv is wn they agree! Rivers can dry, mountains can fly. U can forget me, but never can I There is only one happiness in life: to love and be loved.! True love is ur soul reaching out and grabbing the person you're meant to be wth If you were a tear I would never dare to cry. I might lose you! There are 3 steps to happy happiness: 1 you. 2 me. 3 our hearts 4 eternity! (\_/) (=.=) (")(") a sweet little rabbit, just like u, because I love u!! Time will always fly, but our love will never die. Keep in touch and remeber me I love 2 thngs,a rose & you.A rose 4 a short while, but you the rest of my life To the whole world you are somebody... but to somebody you are the whole world Trying to forget someone u loved is like trying to remember some1 u never knew!
बी
अ रन कम आर
फॉर
उ
Monday, July 21, 2008
Amazing india
Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans
The word navy is also derived from Sanskrit 'Nou'
The value of pi was first calculated by Budhayana in the 6th century
Sushruta who lived in 600 BC is the father of surgery
India invented the Number System
The art of Navigation was born in the river Sindhu 6000 years ago
India is the largest English speaking nation in the world
India is the world's largest democracy
The decimal system was developed in India in 100 BC
Chess (Shataranja or AshtaPada) was invented in India
India is the world's largest, oldest, continuous civilization
India was the richest country on earth until the time of British
India never invaded any country in her last 10000 years of history
Sanskrit is the mother of all the European languages
Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India
The World's first university was established in Takshashila in 700 BC
Varanasi is the oldest, continuously inhabited city in the world today
India has the second largest pool of Scientists and Engineers in the World
The word navy is also derived from Sanskrit 'Nou'
The value of pi was first calculated by Budhayana in the 6th century
Sushruta who lived in 600 BC is the father of surgery
India invented the Number System
The art of Navigation was born in the river Sindhu 6000 years ago
India is the largest English speaking nation in the world
India is the world's largest democracy
The decimal system was developed in India in 100 BC
Chess (Shataranja or AshtaPada) was invented in India
India is the world's largest, oldest, continuous civilization
India was the richest country on earth until the time of British
India never invaded any country in her last 10000 years of history
Sanskrit is the mother of all the European languages
Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India
The World's first university was established in Takshashila in 700 BC
Varanasi is the oldest, continuously inhabited city in the world today
India has the second largest pool of Scientists and Engineers in the World
Quots
Wisdom is what's left after we've run out of personal opinions!
Don't borrow someone else's spectacles to view yourself with..
Ask yourself whether you are happy and you cease to be so.
Truth has no special time of its own. Its hour is now - always.
The truth is that many people set rules to keep from making decisions
Don't borrow someone else's spectacles to view yourself with..
Ask yourself whether you are happy and you cease to be so.
Truth has no special time of its own. Its hour is now - always.
The truth is that many people set rules to keep from making decisions
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